Ophelia... [click to view]The final difficulty of reading madness [...] is that in the act of doing so, one dissociates oneself from it or associates oneself with it, and in either case becomes disqualified as an interpreter. To read madness sanely is to miss the point; to read madness madly is to have one's point be missed. Carol Thomas Neely 'Documents in Madness': Reading Madness and Gender in Shakespeare's Tragedies and Early Modern Culture Shakespeare Quarterly 42.3 (1991): 315-38, at 316.The proximity to my entry on Hamlet of a quotation left by Frank on his blog suggested a probe. It's nagged at me this past week, so I thought I'd better do something about it. What should I do? Blog a response, of course. But what sort of response? Frank's quotation, from an unavailable academic paper, came after my reading of Hamlet, and it irked me at first, because I assumed it to be selectively quoted and, secondly, because Paynter has a habit of chasing up on me. That might, of course, be my imagination, but so what? If it gets me to think more deeply on something, why not? What are friends for? So here we go, then: some scattered thoughts on Ophelia.Thanks for the above from Neely,
Frank. Though it seems it's quoted out of context, let's make a meal of it. And let's do so despite knowing that to swallow facile assumptions can be dangerous. At a deeper level, they have a habit of swallowing those falling for them. At face value, then, Neely's is a glib assumption and it's especially dangerous because its enormous bite possesses bizarre attraction. It's a comfortable, black-and-white, Bush-like statement, attractively and authoritatively worded, putting
Ophelia off limits to many keen to explore her world—even to the extent the facile, asinine analyses found on many reputedly reputable Shakespearean sites do so.
In short, and as it stands, it's crap. Who is this woman? Bring her to me and I'll teach her a thing or two. In fact, where's
Frank Paynter. I'm sending him to the
Tutor's for a spanking. By
Captain Blowtorch. Listen, lard head, this woman's a criminal and a plagiarist. I'm willing to bet she gets most of her material from Fred Alan Wolf's
Dr. Quantum presents A User's Guide To Your Universe (see
MysticBourgeoisie for further details). By indulging quantum semantics, she's carpet-bombed psychiatry with a misguided interpretation of the
Copenhagen Interpretation. This need not be a bad thing in itself, but shrinks give me my drugs.
I'd like them to continue doing so.
Okay, maybe she's not evil. Heisenberg, Bohr and their ilk thought they were on to something, so why shouldn't she? Publication's important to academics and nothing jives up the
Shakespeare Quarterly's sales figures like a bit of dissension. What gets up my nose is that she qualifies her chicanery with illogical reasoning. But, what the hell, I'm all for a challenge so let's take her at her word—or the few we have of hers.
First, and although we've no idea of whom Neely's speaking—I trust
we're speaking of our Danish delight, Ophelia—let's read
Hamlet 'madly',
a la Marek. To a degree, I've done so. My post below is, I admit, utterly subjective. I've received no tutoring in the play and am, for the most part, ill educated. So my perceptions of it are as they come to me and they do so in today's world. However, such is the depth and breadth of Shakespeare's vision that I am lost only in so far as space precludes me delving into the countless possibilities opened by each word, sentence, speech, or scene. And, in any event, If
my reading or point is missed, Ms. Neely, what of it? It's not
Shakespeare's point that's gone AWOL; he certainly doesn't go down the tubes with me.
Secondly, we'll toss Heather Brown's
Gender and Identity in Hamlet: A Modern Interpretation of Ophelia and the appropriately named Gabrielle Dane's
Reading Ophelia's Madness into the mix. They're dissociated in the extreme: in a
Copenhagen rather than a DSM-IV way, I hasten to add. Do they get it wrong? Miss the point? I think not. Ultimately, we end up with a pretty clear, Newtonian picture of Ophelia as an 'in-the-world' person and can say to ourselves, "Alas! Poor Ophelia. We knew her." Initially, Brown cries Woolf:
Woolf's interpretation of history provides a helpful context for understanding Ophelia's character as a "mirror" that serves a critical importance by "reflecting" men. Ophelia's identity essentially rests upon this relationship. Aside from the male characters using Ophelia as a "looking glass"—casting their reflection upon her, showing themselves and the audience their power over her—Ophelia serves no purpose in the play. She is Polonius' pawn, Laertes' chaste sister, and Hamlet's lover. Once these male influences are removed and these descriptions no longer define Ophelia, she loses her identity and becomes mad. Laertes has gone to France, Polonius has been killed and Hamlet has rejected Ophelia, saying "[...] I loved you not./ [...] Get thee to a nunnery" (3.1.129-31). What can the mirror become when it has nothing to reflect? [
a]
Unlike Brown's, my reading is horribly subjective, influenced by proximity and association. Because I've lived close to substance abuse and altered states most of my life, let's look at my juxtaposition of the dream I had of my wife with Ophelia's loss of self and descent into madness. What surprised me about the dream was first, its similarity to Ophelia's death or loss of identity and, secondly, the similarity of my wife's and her stories. Narratives. Lives... whatever.
Women get screwed in many more ways than we males care to consider. Take a young girl and have a male, a Polonius, Claudius or both, abuse her. Deprive her of a mother by sending her to a boarding school with a twin brother (Laertes) to 'look after her'. Thereafter, dispatch her to a foreign city. Lastly, sit back and watch her disintegrate.
Nine times out of ten, any woman whose being and identity have been so usurped, defined, and proscribed by a social order favouring males, will fall apart mentally and emotionally. The shrinks call it PTSD. If the above scenario doesn't do it, let's knock off Polonius after a goodly time. It'll finish off the job. Ultimately, and whether or not she mirrors another's eminent sanity, you end up with a person who is
irretrievably broken. This is not analysis. It is event and consequence. Too frequently we end up with women as swinging trees and fading—or collapsing—stars, playing Eliot's
The Hollow Men [
c].
To my mind, Brown's assertion that, beyond her role as a mirror "Ophelia serves no purpose in the play," although true, is superficial enough to be specious. Indeed, Ophelia serves only as a mirror but, as a mirror, her role is to
reflect rather than
flatter those about her. Hers is perhaps the most necessary role, because she allows us to see, in ourselves, the horror of our situation.
Something
is rotten in the state of Denmark, evidenced by Hamlet the Elder—Fortinbras' killer—infecting his son's mind with thoughts of revenge. Ophelia is Old Hamlet's ghost incarnate. Abused, misused, strung out once and worse, she is revenge's collateral damage, a spectral negation of self. In many ways, she mirrors the rot of mankind rather than of the few traipsing the stage. And, perhaps, that is why we'd rather not consider her. Like Ophelia, Denmark has lost its identity. It has a court but, owing to old Hamlet's murder, no king. It has lands, but they mean little. It has ritual, but no justice. It has titular nobles, but their finery is frippery. It is Ophelia who shows us these things.
Through her, Shakespeare offers us insight into the forces that govern the governors. And we are all the king and queens of our own experience.
In Shakespeare's time, royal families were the state as much as the
Bush administration is today. Each administration casts its identity on the country it governs and I remember a time, in the not-too-distant past when South Africans believed the myth of Afrikaner dominance. It was a media myth, fuelled by those propagating it and perpetuated by those believing it. But, for both the myth makers and those believing it, it worked.
The mood in Denmark after the king's murder and his wife's adulterous affair and marriage was ugly. Most have not experienced this pervasive ugliness. It is oppressive, and as mythic as it may be, it gives birth to the many real pathologies we see played out on stage.
The corruption, greed, double standards, hypocrisy, self-indulgence, and brutality of the Bush administration are no different to that which plagued the Danish court all those centuries ago. All that separates our world from Shakespeare's are the props. And the devil, as they say, will always be found hiding in such small details.
A note on insightful comment on Pinter's Nobel speech from Tom and Jon: Art is politics; politics art—we, lulled to a stupor by our expectation of 'entertainment' (another political 'ploy' playing to our predilection for purely consumptive activities), divorce proceedings from the context in which they take place and need, as Pinter so jarringly does, to be reminded why we read or attend plays in the first place. "Struggle" or "political" theatre has a long tradition (but tends only to be called such when focused on specific issues) and we in South Africa are only now loosing our hold on such protest theatre to explore themes more universal than those proscribed by our apartheid past. The First World, perhaps, is only now entering such a cycle. Perhaps too, Shakespeare, the English language's greatest political playwright, is set to enjoy a renaissance.I imagine the average patron at a performance of
Hamlet. Those representing the 2,000-strong army of young Fortinbras, Hamlet's Norwegian foil, trudge across the stage and exeunt left or right (depending, of course, on whether they are coming or going). To the viewer, or reader, these are soldiers for a day, dressed in period costume and layered in makeup. They serve little purpose but to entertain us or illustrate a point. To Shakespeare, and those who'd read his words, they form the forever army on the march to a mindless and bloody battle with a dumb defender over a meaningless piece of land.
In short, they represent terror's inexorable march back and forth across our psyches. Why have hundreds of thousands of Iraqis and a couple of thousand U.S. troops died in the past three years? Was it worth it? Like most, this is not even questioned by Fortinbras and his latter-day ilk. It is a neat twist that the unthinking but likeable Fortinbras, wedded to Hamlet by circumstance, history, and conquest, takes Denmark at the play's close, avenging
his father's death at Old Hamlet's hand in a manner Hamlet the Younger, trapped in a poisoned environment, cannot emulate.
In Fortinbras, revenge lives on in pleasing guise.
Yes, it is probably like this in death's other kingdom. And we cannot offer Ophelia any more than that which she and those about her give to herself. Where Hamlet holds back, she is compliant and pays the price. With her implied rape by Claudius, her fading star implodes and she is reduced to lips that would kiss, but form prayers to broken stone. Hamlet cannot but deal with immediate realities, hence his purported cruelty.
Ophelia, her identity as lost as those who gave her substance, collapses to a singularity, forming a Black Hole that crushes all crossing her event horizon. In life, as in
Hamlet, the prince can only bear so much reality. His realization of his impossible situation and array of unenviable choices, lead him to
seemingly harsh, precipitous action. Ophelia realizes the consequences of her limp complicity and takes all with her; her grave being the site where truth and consequence have it out.
With no identity to draw upon from the past other than her role as a puppet to males, Ophelia's identity disappears along with the disappearance of male dominance. She does not assert herself as a last-minute feminist hero of the play; instead, Ophelia represents the opposite, demonstrating the consequences of allowing herself to be entirely defined by others as she is unable to recognize herself as an independent human being in their absence. As Carol Thomas Neely writes of Ophelia in 'Documents in Madness': Reading Madness and Gender in Shakespeare's Tragedies and Early Modern Culture, "The context of her disease, like that of hysteria later, is sexual frustration, social helplessness, and enforced control over women's bodies. [...] The representation of Ophelia implicitly introduces conventions for reading madness as gender-inflicted" (Neely 334). Thus, Ophelia's gender does not "liberate" her as Dane argued but, rather, causes her decline into madness as she is characterized as a "helpless" and "control[led]" woman who has lost even this identity. [
a]
Does Dane argue that Ophelia's gender liberates her? Not really.
In her madness, Ophelia provides a singular exposé of society, of the turbulent reality beneath its surface veneer of calm; she touches on the myriad discontents of (her) civilization. Through her convoluted discourse, Ophelia implicitly emphasizes the vacuity of banal pieties, inappropriately muttering certain religious epithets and distorting others—thus, "God yield you" becomes "good dild you," "By Jesus" becomes "By Gis," "for charity" becomes "Saint Charity," and, perhaps most interestingly, "By God" becomes "By Cock" (4.5.42, 58, 61). With her "incoherent" speech, Ophelia reveals the hypocrisies which lurk beneath the surface of the ostensibly placid family unit (the King and Queen's incestuous marriage, Laertes's and Polonius's incestuous urges to extinguish her subjectivity). She condemns the falseness of sexual love (Hamlet's heartless seduction and betrayal, Gertrude's light loyalty). She decries the arbitrariness of political power (a younger brother's "inheritance" of his elder's wife and throne, and his concomitant privilege to banish his rival, Ophelia's lover). And throughout, the madwoman provides her critique in an overdetermined, cryptic patter, which defies exegesis. [
b]
That has to be good ol' Neely's influence. It defies 'exegesis', eh? Well, here she goes:
When Claudius attempts to offer his neat interpretation of her remarks, she undermines his presumption, stating, "Pray let's have no words of this, but when they ask you what it means, say you this" (4.5.46-47), before launching into the Saint Valentine's day song, presumably unrelated to her previous utterances. Resisting appropriation and translation, Ophelia demands finally to "speak" on her own behalf. Through her madness, Joan Montgomery Byles believes, Ophelia finally establishes a real dialogue "with herself but—the listeners, who really listen to her for the first time, are no longer necessary. She needs no reply. She has discovered her own voice, her inner self." [
b]
She later hypothesises that Ophelia might have committed suicide, but uses the hypothesis to give an upbeat ending to a strong but depressing dissertation. Black Holes not only attain infinite mass, or heaviness; they
radiate their darkness, a cruel end for a once-radiant mirror. Reduced to nothingness, Ophelia's babble explodes with pointed sexual accusation and innuendo, unmasking and devastating those left behind. No talk of her gender saving her there. The basis of Brown's criticism of Dane lies in a footnote to the latter's closing, a footnote stating:
I offer another possible reading, not as a counter-aesthetic but as a hopeful alternative. That is, I offer Ophelia's choice to die as a gesture of resistance against the unnatural constraints binding her. The fact that she might have no other alternative is deeply tragic. But given the wasteland of stifled options stretching before (and behind) Ophelia, I submit that her suicide would be an authentic and courageous act—and ironically, a more rational feat than any of Hamlet's rash deeds. Even as I write these words I realize the danger of causing offense: For too long, dying remained the only art form allowed women; countless artists (male and female) have rendered iconic the female corpse—with Ophelia serving as a sort of ur-corpse, if you will. For me to sketch yet another rendering to add to this deadly tradition would seem counterproductive in the extreme—to my thesis, to feminist goals. Conversely however, I would argue that by implying choice around Ophelia's death, I resist such an iconic reading. Banishing the notion that Ophelia's death was either an accidental drowning or a reckless act of "insane" despair, I afford Ophelia a philosophic centeredness at (her) last: She not only finds a decisive answer to the overwhelming existential question haunting Hamlet, but musters the ability to act on that answer. [
b]
While Dane does give Ophelia choice in the matter and "...a philosophic centeredness at (her) last", the poor girl does not find a "...decisive answer to the overwhelming existential question haunting Hamlet". Nor does she muster "...the ability to act on that answer." She either commits suicide or brings on her own murder. Both indicate desperation and hopelessness. Decisions to act are an individual's response to his or her particular situation—to make
sense of it—and Hamlet is left to make sense of
his situation. Perhaps what Dane really hopes to lend Ophelia is
acceptance and perhaps, we can grant her that.
But for the rest, no. While the aetiology is clear, collapsed time does not allow Shakespeare to more clearly show how insidiously and deeply the pathology of
Ophelia's descent to madness affects or infects those about her. For whereas most characters' faults and crimes remain obscure and Hamlet's ostensible insanity is merely assumed, Ophelia's is
real and
immediate, demanding action or inaction as it charts the downward trajectory of all who, in some way, control or manipulate her. She presents, sometimes covertly, dissociation, repression, compulsion and, finally, when the centre can no longer hold (or holds nothing), psychosis.
An extension of Hamlet's father's ghost, she exudes the darkness of which Hamlet is so aware. Lost to herself, she becomes the distillation of others' uses of her and, like a Black Hole, consumes their world. As such, she is central to the tragedy or, if not, plays a larger part than anybody else in bringing it to its conclusion. Why else should the brooding, introspective prince love such a malleable woman unless he sees in her that which he sees all about and within? It is only by rejecting her and the darkness for which she stands that his introspection turns to action without hesitation, albeit action by which he himself is destroyed.
And here we go back to my own, subjective experience of "loss of identity". At the end, the girl is no longer 'at home'. There is 'nobody in'. Through her short-lived life, she has already died a thousand deaths. Consider her environment. Cared for by a family best described as a bunch of vile ghouls, she falls for the man some believe to be the queen's illegitimate son. The former king's a murderer (of Fortinbras the Elder), Gertrude is a soulless adulterer at best and Claudius, the king, is a recidivist pederast and cold-blooded killer. Her father's a self-serving, conscienceless boor and her brother's a narcissistic fool.
Indifference, conspiracy, self-interest and death dressed in courtly civility, form a common language. (Hamlet's greatness lies in his seeing this, and surviving it some twenty or thirty years.) Had Ophelia any redeeming traits, Hamlet saw them and loved her for them. But, by putting the evil machinations of her father and king above herself, she became whatever they chose to make of her and Hamlet had to let go.
Considering Ophelia, others
go far further than I but, ultimately, they're stretching credulity as they try to find their way back to a woman destroyed—but not murdered—by her own, albeit trauma-induced, passivity. Ultimately, we are all a means to our own ends. And those means, to a greater or lesser degree, are of our choosing.
There is no pretty ending for Ophelia. By the same token, Dane's resistance of an iconic ending has, over hundreds of years, been shown to be futile. Ophelia reminds me much of Diana, Princess of Wales. Completely at sea, haunted by unknown demons, surrounded by dullards, somewhat dim but awfully conniving, bulimic and promiscuous, the outwardly beautiful princess was always on to a hiding to nothing and a death to match. In scouting graphics of Ophelia, I've come to understand just how Shakespeare's genius has been rendered superfluous to our candyfloss world by well-intentioned fools. While I've no interest in Dane's 'feminist goals', whatever they may be, I do see Ophelia's death translated to a virtual resurrection by predominantly male artists and understand Dane's desire to fight it.
Delacroix, the romantic,
comes closest to representing the psychotic distress and disarray of the girl's mind as she goes to her watery grave. For the rest, bah humbug.
At the last, we must ask ourselves: are those associated or dissociated from insanity precluded from reading or interpreting it? In as much as we are disqualified from any objective assessment of experience, yes. Also, it's a question of degree; the extent to which we associate with or dissociate from it. If we are to qualify as interpreters of Ophelia's malaise, surely those who can say they
have been associated with it—or something like it, i.e. they bring both perspectives to bear, are best suited to doing so? Otherwise, we should refrain from interpretation and, by extension, identification, altogether.
[
a]
Heather Brown Gender and Identity in Hamlet: A Modern Interpretation of Ophelia[
b]
Gabrielle Dane Reading Ophelia's Madness[
c]
T.S. Eliot The Hollow Men Musical accompaniment:
Bob Dylan |
Idiot Wind